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CALOOLA (FORMER SUNBURY MENTAL HOSPITAL)
THE AVENUE, THE HEIGHTS, HILLTOP COURT, OUTLOOK WAY, CIRCULAR DRIVE, GOLF LINKS DRIVE, BELLEVIEW DRIVE, HILLTOP COURT, SCHOOLHOUSE LANE, FLORENCE LANE, PEPPERCORN LANE, YORK PLACE AND BUCKINGHAM PLACE SUNBURY, HUME CITY

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Victorian Heritage Register
CALOOLA SOHE 2008
CALOOLA SOHE 2008
CALOOLA SOHE 2008
CALOOLA SOHE 2008
CALOOLA SOHE 2008
1 caloola former caloola centre the avenue sunbury rear view of property layout apr1991
Caloola amended plan A.jpg
Caloola amended plan B.jpg
Caloola amended plan C
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Statement of Significance

What is significant?

Caloola, Sunbury consists of buildings set in extensive grounds with plantings of mature trees and remnant farmland. Caloola commenced in 1864 as an Industrial School, was redeveloped in 1879 as a Lunatic Asylum, substantially enlarged in the period 1891 to 1914 and was maintained in use as a psychiatric hospital (1879-1968) and later a training centre for the intellectually disabled (1962-1992). Part of the site became a Victoria University campus from 1994 to 2011 and the remainder is in use by the Department of Education.

The Industrial School consisted of ten basalt buildings (nine extant), designed under the direction of Public Works Department Inspector General William Wardell and constructed in 1865-66, four workrooms, kitchen, hospital, basalt farm building, road and stone wall remnants which were used to house and train neglected children in the 1860s. Boys in the Sunbury Industrial School worked on the farm and in the tailoring and shoe-making workshops to maintain themselves whilst in the institution and were given some basic education. Major alterations were undertaken to the earlier basalt wards in the period 1908-12 when the buildings were linked.

The Industrial School at Sunbury is believed to be the earliest surviving example in Victoria; of the original twelve industrial schools: only one other, constructed in 1875-76, survives at North West Hospital, Parkville.

The purpose built Sunbury Lunatic Asylum, constructed mainly between 1892 and 1912, was designed and constructed mainly under the direction of the Chief Architect of the Victorian Public Works Department, George Watson. A site plan was prepared by the talented architect Henry Bastow in 1888. Its pavilion wards in brick with terra cotta roofing tiles conformed to international standards of asylum and hospital planning adopted in the later nineteenth century and were a departure from the single monolithic buildings constructed at Kew and Beechworth. Electric lighting was installed in the wards in 1905-6. A tramway was laid linking the rear of the wards with the kitchen (built 1906-7) in 1908. Telephone and fire alarm systems were installed to connect the 20 separate buildings of the asylum in 1911.

The landscape designed by prominent landscape designer Hugh Linaker dates principally from the inter-war period The landscape also includes mature trees , mainly pines, cypress, oaks and elms and the remains of a drystone perimeter wall and a later brick ha ha wall.

How is it significant?

Caloola is of historical, architectural, aesthetic, archaeological and social significance to the State of Victoria.

Why is it significant?


The Caloola complex is of historical significance for its demonstration of attitudes to child welfare and mental health in its early industrial school buildings and asylum buildings, airing courts and gardens. .

Caloola is historically significant for the former Industrial School buildings constructed mainly from 1865-66. The school operated from 1865 to 1879 as the first purpose-built Industrial School in Victoria. The buildings at Sunbury are demonstrative of the harsh conditions which characterised such schools for neglected or delinquent children. The former Industrial School hospital (1865) is amongst the earliest hospital buildings surviving in the state.

Caloola is of historical significance for its typical asylum landscaping and site planning, its airing courts (many of which retain early sunshades and privies) and a complete example of a sunken wall (or ha ha wall). Asylums were typically distant from population centres, with extensive grounds and ha ha walls to prevent escape.

Caloola is historically significant for its purpose built Sunbury Lunatic Asylum, constructed between 1892 and 1912. Caloola's large and architecturally impressive buildings in a curved detached pavilion arrangement demonstrate changes in the accommodation and treatment of mentally ill patients in the nineteenth century. The clear evidence of farming operations also demonstrates the policy of employing boys in industrial schools to train them in farm work and the later policy of involving physically able mentally ill patients in outdoor work.

Caloola is of historical significance for its physical fabric and spaces which demonstrate nineteenth century attitudes to the treatment of mental illness, including the padded cells, ripple iron cells and dormitory accommodation. The female refractory ward, originally designed for male criminally insane patients, demonstrates contemporary practices in dealing with female patients who were transferred from the general wards for disruptive behaviour.

The Caloola complex is of historical significance for their association with the talented Public Works Department architects from the 1860s, and particularly associated with Henry Bastow and Chief Architect George Watson, who were responsible for the design of the pavilion buildings from the 1890s to 1912. Its association with noted landscape designer, Hugh Linaker, who was responsible for the grounds from 1912, is also significant.

The Caloola site is of archaeological significance for its potential to contain historical archaeological features, deposits and relics that relate to the construction and use of the Industrial School and the Lunatic Asylum.

Caloola is of architectural significance for its institutional buildings of the 1860s and the 1890s. Its industrial school buildings of the 1860s are typical of the Public Works Department output of the 1860s, use local material, have simple classically derived detailing and gain much of their importance by the repetition of forms. Major alterations were undertaken to the earlier basalt wards in the period 1908-12 when the buildings were linked. The planning of these links is accomplished and contributed to the continuity of use of the site and represented changing attitudes to mental health.

The site at Sunbury is architecturally significant for its rare and intact examples of an industrial school and a late nineteenth century lunatic asylum. The site contains rare examples of hairpin fencing used to enclose airing courts for patients. Outdoor shelters or sunshades for patients are also uncommon in Victoria.

The Caloola complex is of architectural significance for its industrial school and asylum buildings. The earliest of the remaining buildings of the Sunbury Industrial School are architecturally significant as forming the earliest purpose built example of its type,. They are important for their bluestone construction and austere style which distinguished them from the later asylum buildings. The 1860s buildings which exhibit classically derived detailing are constructed of local basalt. The red brick and timber buildings of the principal phase of asylum expansion of 1891 to 1912 are of architectural significance for innovative design as a pavilion hospital grouping and include distinctive detailing.

Caloola is architecturally significant as a former lunatic asylum, one of several surviving in the state. It demonstrates typical characteristics such as formal planning, use of sunken walls (ha ha walls), airing courts and a diverse range of building types to cater for the patient and staff population. They gain their architectural significance from the unity of materials, overall cohesiveness of design, consistent and distinctive detailing (especially in the unusual use of buttresses and steep roofs in the former hospital wards), impressive site planning and spacious setting.

The Caloola complex is of aesthetic significance for the quality and range of its architecture and garden elements, consistent use of basalt, red brick and terra cotta tiles, its consistency of architectural styles and materials within the two major building phases, for its landscape planning and plantings and for its prominent siting on the hill with views to and from the site.

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Caloola is of social significance especially to past patients and their families as a reminder of past practices in mental health care.

The Caloola site is on the traditional land of the Wurundjeri people.

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    • History

      CALOOLA (FORMER SUNBURY MENTAL HOSPITAL) - History

      PLACE HISTORY

      The following has been taken from City of Hume Report: Recommended Level of Significance: State

      The former Asylum Reserve Sunbury is of State historical, architectural and scientific significance as:- a cultural landscape associated with Aboriginal occupation, (possibly) early exploration by John Batman, early pastoral settlement of Port Phillip, and the settlement and development of the locality during the latter nineteenth century; and for its extensive buildings and works associated with the former Industrial School and Asylum.

      The former Asylum Reserve, of 426 hectares, is in two parts: the northern, 'Sunbury' or 'She-Oak' Hill section, upon which is situated the buildings and works of the Industrial School and Asylum; and the southern section, which potentially contains evidence of historical uses of the land.

      The former Industrial School and Asylum complex on Sunbury Hill is a significant cultural site, representing a changing uses from the 1860s to the present. The continued successful adaptation of the site, from an Industrial School, to an Asylum, and now a University campus, with minimal disturbance to buildings represents an outstanding design achievement. The juxtaposition of buildings from the 1860s to the 1900s is rare.

      The complex embodies important evidence of nineteenth century social and aesthetic values. It is of state significance for its demonstration of changing child welfare and mental health philosophies since the early years of the colony; for its early industrial school buildings; for the major works of public architecture carried out in the 1890s depression; for the quality and range of its architecture and garden elements; for its demonstration of nineteenth century landscaping and site planning principles; for its evidence of farming, which was an integral part of both the Industrial School system (and probably one of the reasons for the establishment of the institution at Sunbury), and of mental health philosophy from the late nineteenth century

      The earliest of the remaining buildings of the Sunbury Industrial School which operated from 1865 to 1879 are significant as the earliest surviving example of this type of structure in Victoria. Their bluestone construction and relative austerity is expressive of the harshness of industrial school, and clearly distinguishes it from the later asylum buildings. The 1860s buildings exhibit classically derived detailing and are constructed of local basalt. They are typical examples of Public Works Department buildings of the era and are distinguished by the repetition of forms, which remain evident despite being partly obscured by Edwardian additions. The kitchen was the centrepoint of the circular drystone wall, remnants of which are significant for their interpretation of life at the Industrial School, and which became the basis of the overall curved site plan of the asylum complex and the impressive symmetry of its 1890s onwards.

      The red brick and timber buildings of the principal phase of asylum expansion between 1891 and 1912 are of innovative design and include distinctive detailing, including 'medieval' elements such as buttresses and unusually steep roofs, and spacious site planning. They are amongst the most impressive late Victorian institutional buildings in the state, and quite probably, the nation. They are important examples of the architecture of the Public Works Department designed under the direction of George Watson.

      The detached pavilion site planning of this period of expansion distinguishes Sunbury from other asylums in Victoria in which large monolithic buildings are dominant. Later buildings at the complex, some of which are of individual merit, draw their principal significance from their contribution to the overall complex. Functional elements of asylum design such as airing courts, sunshades, the particularly fine sunk (or ha ha) wall, privies, and padded and ripple cell enclosures provide important interpretation of the history of mental health care.

      The site planning and landscaping are significant due to the demonstration of principles both of formal planning of the late nineteenth century and elements relating specifically to asylum planning. The asylum's landscaping is an important part of the complex, notably the remaining boundary and avenue planting, and individual species, mostly located in the airing courts of asylum buildings, farm windbreak plantings, plantings around the cemetery and former golf course area, and remnant indigenous vegetation near Jacksons Creek.

      The site includes the whole of the land within the area bounded by the remaining drystone wall. This area includes: all early roads and pathways, the main drive, turning circle and loop road to the former Industrial School buildings; remnant evidence of the former tramway; and the laundry and its landmark chimney. Significant buildings within this area include all buildings constructed prior to the First World War, including the following which are not included in the Victorian Heritage Register:- the former Hospital (1912-13); and the former Medical Superintendent's Residence (1912-13). Other buildings include:- the former Nurses Home (1924-25); the former Female Workers Block (1926-27); the former combined Recreational Hall and Chapel (1939); the former Single Male Staff Quarters (1939); the former Nurses Home (1951-55); and the former Hostel for Female Artisans (1951) whose modern architectural style would appear to be unique within the study area.

      The site also includes several highly significant buildings and sites outside or on the periphery of this area. The first, the remains of the water pumping plant on Jacksons Creek [see Site Report H/12], has not yet been considered for inclusion in the Heritage Register. As the buildings were situated at the top of a hill, this plant played a key part in their life until the provision of a town water supply in 1906. It was central to the difficulties and controversies regarding the provision of water to the site in the 1860s, 1880s and c.1900, and is a critical feature of the Industrial School and Asylum. Its boiler is also of technological significance. The second site is the area of farm buildings and associated bluestone paving, which expresses the central role of farming in both the philosophies and economy of both the Industrial School and Asylum, and probably one of the reasons for the establishment of these institutions at Sunbury.

      The southern part of the site is significant primarily as a cultural landscape associated with Aboriginal, early pastoral, and nineteenth century settlement in the area. Archaeological investigation may reveal evidence of Aboriginal myrnong hillocks; settlement by the Page brothers, William Jackson or other pioneering squatters; Robinson Allison's patent brickworks and quarry; or some small gold-mining activity. The area contains important evidence of the Eighnane winery and orange grove and the Holden Quarry.

      Hugh Linaker

      Born 4 June 1872 Ballarat. His father had emigrated from England and his mother from Scotland: they were married in Ballarat in May 1868. They had nine children, of whom Hugh was the third. In July 1897, Hugh Linaker married Harriet Ann Wenmoth in Ballarat. Four children were born of the marriage: William, Hugh, Florence (m. Reginald Carew) and Madge (m. Bert Davis). All are now dead. Hugh was married a second time to Meta Carson: there were no children of the second marriage. Hugh died 10 October 1938 at age 66. He was cremated at the Necropolis, Springvale. His ashes were scattered in the garden of his home at Hawthorn. There is a headstone to him at Heidelberg Cemetery.

      At the age of 14, Hugh Linaker was apprenticed as a gardener to the Ballarat Gardens. He was responsible for the layout of the Victoria Street gardens/plantation and was awarded a 20 guinea prize for his design. After 14 years at Ballarat, he was awarded the post of curator of the Ararat Gardens out of 96 applicants. He held this position from 1901 to 1912, when he became Head Gardener at Mont Park. In 193?, he was appointed Superintendent of Parks and Gardens for Victoria.

      During his career Linaker was responsible for: the design and maintenance of the grounds of all mental hospitals in the State, approaches to the Shrine of Remembrance, redesign of Government House grounds, reducing the size of the private grounds to extend the public park which now includes the area occupied by the Myer Music Bowl and the Pioneer Women's Memorial Garden, Alexandra Park, Stawell, Herbert Gardens, Box Hill, Pioneer Women's Memorial, Melbourne, Stonnington, Malvern, Burnham Beeches for Nicholas family, Plantations for the model township of Yallourn, commissioned by Sir John Monash, Road Plantations, Geelong Road, Yarra Boulevard beautification scheme, Yarra Bend National Park, and Ararat Botanic Gardens

      Linaker's advice was sought by many country municipalities for the planning of public parks and gardens. He was a (founding?) member of the Tree Planters Association. In 1940 a memorial to Linaker was unveiled in Alexandra Park, Stawell. There is also a plaque to Linaker at the entrance to the Geelong Road.

      (Source: Conversation with Elva Linaker 15 April 1994 wife (or widow) of Hugh's grandson, Hugh Linaker.)

      Assessment Against Criteria

      CALOOLA (FORMER SUNBURY MENTAL HOSPITAL) - Assessment Against Criteria

      ASSESSMENT AGAINST CRITERIA

      a. Importance to the course, or pattern, of Victoria's cultural history

      Caloola is historically significant for the former Industrial School buildings constructed mainly from 1865-66. The school operated from 1865 to 1879 as the first purpose-built Industrial School in Victoria. The buildings at Sunbury are demonstrative of the harsh conditions which characterised such schools for neglected or delinquent children. The former Industrial School hospital (1865) is amongst the earliest hospital buildings surviving in the state.

      Caloola is historically significant for its purpose built Sunbury Lunatic Asylum , constructed mainly between 1892 and 1912-13. Caloola's large and architecturally impressive buildings in a curved detached pavilion arrangement demonstrate changes in the accommodation and treatment of mentally ill patients in the late nineteenth century. The clear evidence of farming operations also demonstrates the policy of employing boys in industrial schools to train them in farm work and the later policy of involving physically able mentally ill patients in outdoor work.

      Caloola is of historical significance for its physical fabric and spaces which demonstrate nineteenth century attitudes to the treatment of mental illness, including the padded cells, ripple iron cells and dormitory accommodation. The refractory ward, originally designed for male criminally insane patients, demonstrates contemporary practices in dealing with female patients who were transferred from the general wards for disruptive behaviour.

      Caloola is of historical significance for its typical asylum landscaping and site planning, its airing courts (many of which retain early sunshades and privies) and a complete example of a sunken wall (or ha ha wall). The asylum was typically distant from population centres, with extensive grounds and ha ha walls to prevent escape.

      b. Possession of uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of Victoria's cultural history.

      The site at Sunbury contains rare and complete examples of an industrial school and a late nineteenth century lunatic asylum. The site contains rare examples of hairpin fencing used to enclose airing courts for patients. Outdoor shelters or sunshades for patients are also uncommon in Victoria.

      c. Potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Victoria's cultural history.

      The Caloola site has the potential to contain historical archaeological features, deposits and relics that relate to the construction and use of the Industrial School and the Lunatic Asylum.

      d. Importance in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural places or objects.

      Caloola is of architectural significance for its institutional buildings of the 1860s and the 1890s. Its industrial school buildings of the 1860s are typical of the Public Works Department output of the 1860s, use local material, have simple classically derived detailing and gain much of their importance by the repetition of forms. Major alterations were undertaken to the earlier basalt wards in the period 1908-12 when the buildings were linked. The planning of these links is accomplished and contributed to the continuity of use of the site and represented changing attitudes to mental health.

      Caloola is architecturally significant as a former lunatic asylum, one of several surviving in the state. It demonstrates typical characteristics such as formal planning, use of sunken walls (ha ha walls), airing courts and a diverse range of building types to cater for the patient and staff population. They gain their architectural significance from the unity of materials, overall cohesiveness of design, consistent and distinctive detailing (especially in the unusual use of buttresses and steep roofs in the former hospital wards), impressive site planning and spacious setting.

      e. Importance in exhibiting particular aesthetic characteristics.

      Caloola is of aesthetic significance for its consistent use of basalt, red brick and terra cotta tiles, its consistency of architectural styles and materials within the two major building phases, for its plantings of mature trees and for its prominent siting on the hill with views to and from the site.

      f. Importance in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.

      n/a

      g. Strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons. This includes the significance of a place to Indigenous peoples as part of their continuing and developing cultural traditions.

      Caloola is of social significance especially to past patients and their families as a reminder of past practices in mental health care

      h. Special association with the life or works of a person, or group of persons, of importance in Victoria's history.

      n/a

      Permit Exemptions

      CALOOLA (FORMER SUNBURY MENTAL HOSPITAL) - Permit Exemptions

      General Exemptions:

      General exemptions apply to all places and objects included in the Victorian Heritage Register (VHR). General exemptions have been designed to allow everyday activities, maintenance and changes to your property, which don’t harm its cultural heritage significance, to proceed without the need to obtain approvals under the Heritage Act 2017.

      Specific exemptions may also apply to your registered place or object. If applicable, these are listed below. Specific exemptions are tailored to the conservation and management needs of an individual registered place or object and set out works and activities that are exempt from the requirements of a permit. Specific exemptions prevail if they conflict with general exemptions.

      Find out more about heritage permit exemptions here.

      Specific Exemptions:

      General Conditions: 1. All exempted alterations are to be planned and carried out in a manner which prevents damage to the fabric of the registered place or object. General Conditions: 2. Should it become apparent during further inspection or the carrying out of works that original or previously hidden or inaccessible details of the place or object are revealed which relate to the significance of the place or object, then the exemption covering such works shall cease and Heritage Victoria shall be notified as soon as possible. Note: All archaeological places have the potential to contain significant sub-surface artefacts and other remains. In most cases it will be necessary to obtain approval from the Executive Director, Heritage Victoria before the undertaking any works that have a significant sub-surface component. General Conditions: 3. If there is a conservation policy and plan endorsed by the Executive Director, all works shall be in accordance with it. Note: The existence of a Conservation Management Plan or a Heritage Action Plan endorsed by the Executive Director, Heritage Victoria provides guidance for the management of the heritage values associated with the site. It may not be necessary to obtain a heritage permit for certain works specified in the management plan. General Conditions: 4. Nothing in this determination prevents the Executive Director from amending or rescinding all or any of the permit exemptions. General Conditions: 5. Nothing in this determination exempts owners or their agents from the responsibility to seek relevant planning or building permits from the responsible authorities where applicable. Public Safety and Security : The following public safety and security activities are permit exempt under section 66 of the Heritage Act 1995, a) public safety and security activities provided the works do not involve the removal or destruction of any significant above-ground structures or sub-surface archaeological artefacts or deposits; b) the erection of temporary security fencing, scaffolding, hoardings or surveillance systems to prevent unauthorised access or secure public safety which will not adversely affect significant fabric of the place including archaeological features; c) development including emergency stabilisation necessary to secure safety where a site feature has been irreparably damaged or destabilised and represents a safety risk to its users or the public. Note: Urgent or emergency site works are to be undertaken by an appropriately qualified specialist such as a structural engineer, or other heritage professional. Signage and Site Interpretation : The following Signage and Site Interpretation activities are permit exempt under section 66 of the Heritage Act 1995, a) signage and site interpretation activities provided the works do not involve the removal or destruction of any significant above-ground structures or sub-surface archaeological artefacts or deposits; b) the erection of non-illuminated signage for the purpose of ensuring public safety or to assist in the interpretation of the heritage significance of the place or object and which will not adversely affect significant fabric including landscape or archaeological features of the place or obstruct significant views of and from heritage values or items; c) signage and site interpretation products must be located and be of a suitable size so as not to obscure or damage significant fabric of the place; d) signage and site interpretation products must be able to be later removed without causing damage to the significant fabric of the place; Note: The development of signage and site interpretation products must be consistent in the use of format, text, logos, themes and other display materials. Note: Where possible, the signage and interpretation material should be consistent with other schemes developed on similar or associated sites. It may be necessary to consult with land managers and other stakeholders concerning existing schemes and strategies for signage and site interpretation. Minor Works : Note: Any Minor Works that in the opinion of the Executive Director will not adversely affect the heritage significance of the place may be exempt from the permit requirements of the Heritage Act. A person proposing to undertake minor works must submit a proposal to the Executive Director. If the Executive Director is satisfied that the proposed works will not adversely affect the heritage values of the site, the applicant may be exempted from the requirement to obtain a heritage permit. If an applicant is uncertain whether a heritage permit is required, it is recommended that the permits co-ordinator be contacted.

      Landscape Maintenance :

      *The process of gardening, including mowing, hedge clipping, bedding displays, removal of dead shrubs and replanting the same species or cultivar, disease and weed control, and maintenance to care for existing plants.

      * Repairs, conservation, and maintenance to hard landscape elements, buildings and structures, fountains and monuments, steps, paths, paths and gutters, drainage and irrigation systems, edging, fences and gates.

      * Removal of dead or dangerous trees and vegetation, works to maintain fire safety and to conserve significant buildings and structures and emergency works, provided a report is submitted to the Executive Director within 21 days.

      * Replanting the same plant species which conserves the significant landscape character and values including specimen trees, avenues, rows, shrubberies, flower beds, and lawns, provided a list and plan is submitted to the Executive Director for approval.

      * Management of trees in accordance with Australian Standard; Pruning of Amenity Trees AS 4373-1996.

      * Management of trees in accordance with Australian Standard; Protection of Trees on Development Sites AS 4970-2009

      * Subsurface works involving the installation, removal or replacement of watering and drainage systems or services, outside the canopy edge of significant trees in accordance with AS4970 and on the condition that works do not impact on archaeological features or deposits.

      * Removal of plants listed as noxious weeds in the Catchment and Land Protection Act 1994 *

      *Vegetation protection and management of the possum and rabbit population.

      * Repainting the same colour of previously painted surfaces

      Fire management

      The following fire management duties are permit exempt a) Fire management and fire fighting duties provided the works do not involve the removal or destruction of any significant above-ground features or sub-surface archaeological artefacts or deposits; b) Fire management activities such as fuel reduction burns, and fire control line construction, provided all significant historical and archaeological features are appropriately recognised and protected; Note: Fire management authorities should be aware of the location, extent and significance of historical and archaeological places when developing fire management and fire fighting strategies. The importance of places listed in the Heritage Register must be considered when strategies for fire management and management are being developed; c) Ecological burning programs; d) Emergency responses

      Permit Exemption Policy

      CALOOLA (FORMER SUNBURY MENTAL HOSPITAL) - Permit Exemption Policy

      Permit Policy:

      The purpose of the Permit Policy is to assist when considering or making decisions regarding works to the place. It is recommended that any proposed works be discussed with an officer of Heritage Victoria prior to making a permit application. Discussing any proposed works will assist in answering any questions the owner may have and aid any decisions regarding works to the place.

      The extent of registration protects the significant heritage values of the site. The addition of new buildings to the site within the extent of registered land may impact upon the cultural heritage significance of the place and requires a permit. The purpose of this requirement is not to prevent any further development on this site, but to enable control of possible adverse impacts on heritage significance during that process.

      The garden layout, including the paths and roadways, the remnants of the tramway track once used for the delivery of goods to the wards, the drystone wall and the ha ah wall are significant and should be retained. The mature plantings are an important element of the original garden design and should also be retained. The airing courts and hairpin fencing are rare elements,

      The significance of the place includes all buildings constructed prior to World War 1. Major alterations were undertaken to the earlier basalt wards of the Industrial School in the period 1908-12 when the buildings were linked. The planning of these links is accomplished and contributed to the continuity of use of the site and represented changing attitudes to mental health

      The landscape designed by prominent landscape designer Hugh Linaker dates principally from the inter-war period but also includes plantings, the remains of a drystone wall and a brick ha ha wall from an earlier period.

Public contributions

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