FLEMINGTON RACECOURSE

EPSOM ROAD AND SMITHFIELD ROAD FLEMINGTON, MELBOURNE CITY

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Victorian Heritage Register

PROV H2220 flemington racecourse plan

Statement of Significance

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  • History

    FLEMINGTON RACECOURSE - History

    CONTEXTUAL HISTORY

    [Information from Andrew Lemon, The History of Australian Thoroughbred Racing, vols 1 (1987) & 2 (1990); and from the 2007 Conservation Management Plan for Flemington Racecourse by Lovell Chen.]

    The first race meetings in Victoria were organised by the squatters. Great prestige was associated with owning good horses, especially race horses. The first known horse race in Victoria was held, probably at Batman's Hill (near the present Southern Cross railway station) in 1837, and a formal meeting was held there in 1838. That course was semi-circular, and extended towards the site of the later North Melbourne Railway Station. A second meeting was held there in March 1839, but in 1840 a new site was chosen on the flats of the Salt Water (now Maribyrnong) River.

    Race meetings became relatively common in Victoria in the 1840s. The first recorded organised race meeting held outside Melbourne was that of the Pyrenees Turf Club in 1842, held at Mt Emu near Beaufort (though this was in effect a private occasion). Races were often held to further the interests of towns or places, and this was in part the reason for the meetings held in Geelong in 1843; by the licensee of the Brighton Hotel from 1845 until the 1850s; and the annual St Kilda Races held from 1847. Several country towns inaugurated race meetings in the 1840s: Colac in 1845; Portland in 1846; Warrnambool in 1848; Seymour in 1849; and Port Fairy had meetings from 1850.

    After the discovery of gold many new towns were surveyed in inland Victoria, and it was usual for land to be set aside for a racecourse. The Turf Register (1865) noted about fifty courses in the colony. The older meetings in towns such as Geelong, Port Fairy and Warrnambool now had many rivals. From 1854 Ballarat and Bendigo joined Geelong at the head of provincial racing. Other strong courses established in the 1850s were Wangaratta, Hamilton, Kyneton and Kilmore (as well as others that no longer survive, such as Dandenong, Portland, Beechworth, Carisbrook and Castlemaine).

    By the end of the 1850s racing had become a major industry, and the 1860s and 1870s saw a dramatic increase in the number of people involved and the capital invested in the sport. Wealthy men such as the Fishers and Chirnsides outlaid thousand of pounds on race horses. The mania for racing grew in Melbourne and the country, and in 1884-5 seventy nine country towns were conducting race meetings, but while Melbourne had races all year round country centres had fewer meetings.

    HISTORY OF PLACE

    [largely taken from the 2007 CMP for Flemington Racecourse by Lovell Chen]

    The early days

    The first race meeting at the new course on the Maribyrnong River, then called the Melbourne Racecourse, was held on 3 March 1840 and attracted a large attendance. The new course was established for the first official meeting and a grandstand of rough scaffolding was erected. The site was ideal, with a large area of flat land and a hill to the north-west for viewing the races.

    Early in 1841 the Port Phillip Turf Club, the first racing club formed in the Port Phillip District, was established to assume authoritative functions of annual race meetings. With the ensuing depression however the Club was disbanded and ad-hoc committees organised the annual races. During the 1840s the most important event was the Town Plate. In 1848, following an application to the Government to authorise an official occupation of the site, the Governor of New South Wales vested 352 acres at the site for the purpose of a public racecourse and appointed six men as trustees. During this year the racecourse was partially fenced and a substantial grandstand was built.

    With the gold wealth of the 1850s racing developed into a flourishing industry. In 1852 the Victoria Turf Club (VTC) was established and organised the annual races. Although successful race meetings were already being held throughout Victoria, the annual Melbourne autumn meeting became the unrivalled event of the racing calendar. By 1854 a spring racing meeting was also introduced. In 1857 the Victoria Jockey Club (VJC) was formed, as a rival to the VTC, and held its first race meeting at the course, now known as the Flemington Racecourse, in February the same year.

    In 1859 the Australian Championship Sweepstake race was held at Flemington, with horses coming from New Zealand, Tasmania and Sydney, as well as Victoria. Newspapers reported that 30-40,000 people saw the race, and the result was telegraphed to Sydney, a first for an Australian sporting event. By this time two new stands had been built along the river, but most spectators viewed the races from the flat or the hill. In 1860 the layout of the course was changed and the finishing post was relocated to the base of the hill, the river-side stands were demolished, and a new stand, of timber with stone foundations, was built at the base of the hill, low enough to allow spectators on the hill to view the racing over the top of it.

    A railway line to Flemington opened in 1861, taking spectators directly to the course.

    The first Melbourne Cup

    The VTC introduced a new race, called the Melbourne Cup, in 1861. The two-mile (3.2 km) race was first run on Thursday 7 November 1861 on the first day of a three-day meeting. The race was won by the New South Wales horse Archer, who received the total stake money of £930

    By 1864 Victoria's leading sporting newspaper, Bell's Life in Victoria, noted that the 'Melbourne Cup has become firmly established as the race par excellence of the Australian colonies'. This was due to the money and thought lavished on improving the Flemington course, and more importantly the phenomenal rise of gambling on the cup. In 1864 the VTC and VJC dissolved to form the Victoria Racing Club (VRC) which took over the running of the fourth Melbourne Cup, which had already become synonymous with racing in the colony. By 1865 attendances were 13,000. Melbourne Cup Day, which was soon tied to the first Tuesday in November, became a public holiday in 1877.

    Developments in the later nineteenth century

    Although there had been racing at Flemington for over twenty years, the most important developments took place after the VRC took over the track in 1864. The first secretary of the newly-formed club was Robert Cooper Bagot, an Irish civil engineer and surveyor, who had redesigned the Melbourne Cricket Club ground in 1861, was engaged by the VRC to survey the Flemington Racecourse in 1864, and was appointed secretary, a position he held for seventeen years until his death in 1881.

    Bagot completely altered the racecourse, draining the marsh in the centre of the course and making it into 'the Flat', which became a picnic ground for generations of race goers, and replacing the coarse grass on the track to provide a smooth and even course. He was insistent that racing should be a sport of ordinary people, and decided that viewing races from 'the Flat' should be free (though this was reversed in 1913). The high area north of the course became known as the 'Hill'. The lawns were graded and were provided with seats for the ladies. In 1873 a new grandstand costing £13,000 was completed at the foot of the hill. It seated three thousand, and was referred to as 'Bagot's cowshed', because of its utilitarian appearance.

    Robert Bagot's successor as Secretary in June 1881 was Henry Byron Moore, also a surveyor, as well as a keen gardener, who during his 45 years in office helped the Club to plan four new grandstands, one at the back of the Hill to accommodate five thousand and one behind Bagot's grandstand to seat 2,500. He also extended the spacious lawns and gardens, especially the plantings of roses, and established nurseries and rosaries. In 1883-86 were built the bluestone structures which are now among the few early structures remaining at the course. The bluestone stand behind Bagot's cowshed, now lying partly beneath the Hill Stand, contained a suite of rooms 600 ft long for vice-regal visitors and their suite, ladies' retiring rooms, refreshment and press rooms, with an open stand above. The Cyclopedia of Victoria (vol 2, p 119) described these

    elegant suites of apartments hitherto occupied by the Governor of the State, his visitors and their friends during the various race meetings. These are situated underneath the centre of the grand-stand, are handsomely furnished and decorated. Owing to their position they are cool on the hottest day of summer. Between the innermost wall of the rocky face of the hill, which is here vertical, there intervenes a chasm through which a shaft of light falls for the illumination of the rooms on that side. Mr Moore has taken advantage of this chasm . to fill up the space with rockwork, ferns, and basins of water, and amidst these the gorgeous scarlet flowers of the magnificent Poinsettia . introduce a blaze of colour .

    This stand is seen in Carl Kahler's 1887 paintings. At the same time a bluestone retaining wall was built extending west along the base of the hill from the bluestone stand. At least one tethering remains embedded in the wall. An external wall enclosing much of the Hill area extends along Fisher Parade and along the northern side of the racecourse past the Hill Entrance. Also in the 1880s the VRC made elaborate improvements to its horse stalls area ('The Birdcage') and betting ring 'under the elms' towards the river end of the course.

    Moore also established a Distressed Jockeys' Fund, which provided financial assistance for any jockey incapacitated by injuries received in any part of Victoria; married jockeys received £2 a week single jockeys £1.10.0, until they were able to resume employment. A Convalescent Jockeys' Lodge was also built on the course 'in which those who are thus circumstanced can receive the care and attention they require'. (Smith, Cyclopedia of Victoria, 1904, vol 2, p 119.) This home is an octagonal timber building located in a secluded position in the south-eastern corner of the racecourse, south of the new VRC offices. It is not clear exactly when this was built, as it is not visible in early photographs or seen in its present position in the 1906 MMBW plan, yet its existence is noted in VRC minutes at least as early as 1897. Circular hospital wards became popular in England in the 1880s, following the publication of a paper by John Marshall, Professor of Surgery at University College and Hospital in London, which was reported in the Builder in 1878, and which were discussed and illustrated in journals such as the Builder and the British Medical Journal. It was thought that circular plans improved light, air and ventilation, as they would receive these from every direction, and would prevent dirt accumulating in corners, and they were also admired for the opportunities they offered for designing a pleasing, picturesque building. The building has for many decades been used as a private residence by the track supervisor at Flemington.

    During the 1890s the Hill was redeveloped, with a new stand being constructed at the rear, and other facilities provided. The Hill was famous for its wonderful gardens, and entertainment was provided in the form of brass bands, sideshows and carnival rides, with refreshments available from the 'Temperance pagoda', Swiss Chalet or Chinese teahouse.

    The first newsreel film shot in Australia was taken at Flemington on Cup Day in 1896 by Maurice Sestier, a cameraman for the French Lumiere brothers, who invented motion pictures. The film includes the finish of the race and it recorded the arrival of the Governor and scenes around the track. The original is in the Paris archive of the Cinematèque Francaise.

    The early twentieth century

    Despite additions to the stands in 1902, in 1903 the increasing crowds meant that accommodation was still inadequate. An application was made in 1912 to build a new double-storey public grandstand designed by the architect William Pitt to seat 10,000 (demolished to make room for the 1924 stand). This was located in the former carriage paddock.

    Racing continued during World War I, as the VRC argued that any suspension of racing would increase unemployment, and pledged its entire profits towards patriotic funds for the duration of the war.

    Racegoers had been able to travel to Flemington Racecourse by train since 1861. The electrification of the Melbourne train network began in December 1913, but was delayed by the outbreak of WWI. The first trial of electric trains in Victoria took place from Newmarket station to Flemington Racecourse on 6 October 1916. The next trial was not until 1919, following which electric train service began on a limited basis. (http://www.transport.vic.gov.au/doi/internet/transport.nsf/allDocs/RWPE06934B7A6094C844A256AFD001C4975?OpenDocument#trains)

    Inter-war developments

    In 1922 the VRC adopted a radical plan for redeveloping the course, which involved changes to the Lawns and Birdcage area, and a reconfiguration of the course, undertaken to relieve overcrowding and in the expectation that the totalisator would be legalised in Victoria. An application was approved in 1923 for a new three-storey two-deck members' grandstand designed by the architects Robertson & Marks, to cost £131,000. At the same time the brick stand in the carriage paddock was demolished, many of the early timber structures were removed, the members' stand, betting ring, bird cage and mounting yard were relocated further to the east, and new car parks created. Two new training tracks were laid inside the course. The Trainers' and Jockeys' Stand (demolished 2006), also designed by Robertson & Marks to relate in style to the new Grandstand, was built in 1924 at a cost of £7,500. The previous members' Grandstand known as Bagot's Cowshed was converted for public use. The 1922-4 redevelopment cost more than a quarter of a million pounds, and changed much of the previous character of the course. It also resulted in an increase in the cost of admission to the course.

    The totalisator buildings

    Totalisator machines for the calculation of bets and dividends were legalised in 1930 in Victoria, the last Australian state to do so, and it became compulsory at the Flemington, Caulfield, Williamstown, Moonee Valley and Ascot courses. In response to this the VRC Committee met frequently throughout 1930 with Sir George Julius, the inventor of an automatic electric totalisator system, to establish the number of selling and paying windows, the positions of totalisator buildings and of the machines and indicator boards. In 1931 tenders were accepted for the construction of five tote buildings, designed by Robertson & Marks, from J E Shillabeer & Sons for £17,775.15.9. The main tote building was located at the rear of the betting ring, and another was between the Members Stand and the Saddling Paddock. Others were on the ground floor of the Members Stand, at the rear of the Hill Stand, and within the Flat. These were operating by October 1931. Two of these buildings remain at the course though in very altered form and adapted for other purposes.

    Numbers at race meetings continued to grow, and in 1936 an application was lodged for the erection of a new public grandstand, luncheon room and Members' ladies totalisator sub-station at a cost of £38,000, adjacent to the 1924 grandstand (replaced in the mid 1980s by the Prince of Wales Stand).

    During and after WWII

    During the war racing continued to provide employment and public recreation on a vastly reduced scale, with the profits pledged again to the war effort. By 1942 a considerable part of the racecourse was occupied by the armed forces. The increased use and lack of maintenance of the course during the war years meant that by its end considerable restoration was required.

    In January 1948 the middle section of the original wooden Hill Stand was destroyed by fire. It was declared structurally unsound and closed, and in 1951 the roof was blown off in a storm and only the western portion remained. The remainder was destroyed in another fire the following year.

    The VRC in the 1950s prepared a Master Plan for the future development of Flemington. This was to result in the most extensive change to the appearance of the racecourse since the 1922-4 alterations. The first section rebuilt was the destroyed Hill Stand and hill terracing, to cost £102,000, which was almost completed for the 1955 Melbourne Cup. In 1958 improvements were made to the track and mobile starting barrier stalls introduced. Most of the 1873 Bagot Stand was replaced and a new grandstand constructed above the footprint and remaining bluestone fabric of the 1883 stand, at a cost of almost £362,000. This became known as the Lawn Stand.

    The Centenary Melbourne Cup was held in 1960. Also at this meeting the 'Fashions in the Field' was introduced, an iconic event which has become an institution.

    More recent developments

    Continuous upgrades and extensions have been necessary at Flemington. In 1964 new totalisator equipment was installed costing £110,000. In 1974 another Master Plan was commissioned from the architects Edward Bilson & Assoc. This resulted in the construction of a new Hill Stand, completed in 1979 and costing $5,000,000. The next stage was the construction of the Prince of Wales Stand (1984) to connect the Hill Stand to the betting ring below via the existing Members' Stand, and involved the demolition of the 1936-37 public grandstand. More seating was provided in 2000 with the completion of the multi-storied new Grandstand over the Prince of Wales Stand. This also was used extensively as a function centre on non race days.

    A new Master Plan was completed in the early twenty-first century, involving the construction of new VRC offices near Epsom Road, an improved entrance on Epsom Road, the reconstruction of the race track surface and drainage, new stables to replace the earlier South Community stables, new training facilities and new stripping sheds, The 1990s saw development of the North Community Stables and the Aquanita, Symbol and Carbine Lodge stables to the east of the racetrack, augmenting the earlier Chicquita Lodge stables south-east of the race track adjacent to Smithfield Road. Large investment was made after 2000 in developing wetlands, improving flood protection from the river, and associated landscape works. Elaborate decorative wrought iron gates were installed at entrances to the Members' Drive, the main drive on Epsom Road and the Hill Enclosure at Leonard Crescent.

    Plaque Citation

    FLEMINGTON RACECOURSE - Plaque Citation

    This is Victoria's oldest racecourse, the first meeting having been held on these river flats in 1840. It is the venue for Australia's most famous horse race, the Melbourne Cup, which has been run here annually since 1861.

    Assessment Against Criteria

    FLEMINGTON RACECOURSE - Assessment Against Criteria

    a. Importance to the course, or pattern, of Victoria's cultural history

    Flemington Racecourse is the oldest racecourse in the state, having operated continuously since 1840. It has been the site of the running of the Melbourne Cup since its inception in 1861 until the present day. This is Australia's most famous horse race, which 'stops the nation' and has been a public holiday in Victoria since 1877. The Melbourne Cup has been a stimulus for the arts in Victoria, including literature, painting, drama, ballet and fashion design.

    b. Possession of uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of Victoria's cultural history.

    c. Potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Victoria's cultural history.

    d. Importance in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural places or environments.

    The structures and features at Flemington Racecourse reflect the development of racing and racing infrastructure in Victoria. The most important of these structures are the remaining nineteenth century bluestone stand remnants and bluestone walls and the former Convalescent Jockeys' Lodge; the 1920s Members' Stand and betting ring; and the 1930s tote buildings. The remnant of the 1880s bluestone grandstand, is an interesting example of a nineteenth century grandstand building and demonstrates building techniques of the period. The bluestone walls around the north side of the course are also of interest as examples of nineteenth century bluestone construction. The former Convalescent Jockeys' Lodge is of significance as a possibly unique example in Victoria of a centralised hospital building, a form which became popular in the 1880s in England, and is an exceptional example of a picturesque structure of the late nineteenth century. The 1924 Members' Stand is significant as an unusual and largely intact example of a 1920s Inter-War Stripped Classical style grandstand.

    e. Importance in exhibiting particular aesthetic characteristics.

    Flemington Racecourse is one of the finest racecourses in the world, set in an expansive landscape with views towards the City of Melbourne. It contains a number of notable works of art, including the Harold Freedman murals in the Hill Stand, an extraordinary depiction of the history of thoroughbred racing; the bronze statues of Phar Lap and Makybe Diva, two of Australia's greatest racehorses; and of Bart Cummings, considered to be Australia's greatest horse trainer. It is renowned for its fine gardens, particularly the rose displays, which are carefully cultivated to be at their most spectacular during the Spring Racing Carnival, when the Melbourne Cup is run.

    f. Importance in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.

    The 1870s chronograph now in the Committee Room is a fine example of nineteenth century clockmaking, and is the most famous work of the Melbourne jeweller Thomas Gaunt, who became a household name in Australia and England for his manufacture of large public clocks.

    g. Strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social cultural or spiritual reasons. This includes the significance of a place to Indigenous peoples as part of their continuing and developing cultural traditions.

    Flemington Racecourse is of social significance as a venue of Victoria's and Australia's greatest horse races, especially the Melbourne Cup. This is accepted as being one of the world's great horse races with its own distinctive features and is centrepiece of the Victorian spring racing carnival. Racing is one of Australia's major spectator sports, and Derby Day 2006 attracted a crowd of 129,089, one of the largest crowds in Australian sporting history. Flemington racecourse is an important venue for Australian fashion, and the Spring Carnival is a major part of the fashion industry's year. Oaks Day has since as early as the 1880s been seen as a 'ladies' day' and has continued to be recognised as the fashion event of the Melbourne year.

    h. Special association with the life or works of a person, or group of persons, of importance in Victoria's history.

    Permit Exemptions

    FLEMINGTON RACECOURSE - Permit Exemptions

    General Exemptions:

    General exemptions apply to all places and objects included in the Victorian Heritage Register (VHR). General exemptions have been designed to allow everyday activities, maintenance and changes to your property, which don’t harm its cultural heritage significance, to proceed without the need to obtain approvals under the Heritage Act 2017.

    Places of worship: In some circumstances, you can alter a place of worship to accommodate religious practices without a permit, but you must notify the Executive Director of Heritage Victoria before you start the works or activities at least 20 business days before the works or activities are to commence.

    Subdivision/consolidation: Permit exemptions exist for some subdivisions and consolidations. If the subdivision or consolidation is in accordance with a planning permit granted under Part 4 of the Planning and Environment Act 1987 and the application for the planning permit was referred to the Executive Director of Heritage Victoria as a determining referral authority, a permit is not required.

    Specific exemptions may also apply to your registered place or object. If applicable, these are listed below. Specific exemptions are tailored to the conservation and management needs of an individual registered place or object and set out works and activities that are exempt from the requirements of a permit. Specific exemptions prevail if they conflict with general exemptions.

    Find out more about heritage permit exemptions here.

    Specific Exemptions:

    General Conditions: 1. All exempted alterations are to be planned and carried out in a manner which prevents damage to the fabric of the registered place or object. General Conditions: 2. Should it become apparent during further inspection or the carrying out of works that original or previously hidden or inaccessible details of the place or object are revealed which relate to the significance of the place or object, then the exemption covering such works shall cease and Heritage Victoria shall be notified as soon as possible. General Conditions: 3. If there is a conservation policy and plan endorsed by the Executive Director, all works shall be in accordance with it. Note: The existence of a Conservation Management Plan or a Heritage Action Plan endorsed by the Executive Director, Heritage Victoria provides guidance for the management of the heritage values associated with the site. It may not be necessary to obtain a heritage permit for certain works specified in the management plan. General Conditions: 4. Nothing in this determination prevents the Executive Director from amending or rescinding all or any of the permit exemptions. General Conditions: 5. Nothing in this determination exempts owners or their agents from the responsibility to seek relevant planning or building permits from the responsible authorities where applicable. Landscape Maintenance : The following landscape maintenance works are permit exempt under section 66 of the Heritage Act 1995, a) landscape maintenance works provided the activities do not involve the removal or destruction of any significant above-ground features; b) watering, mowing, top-dressing and fertilising necessary for the continued health of plants, without damage or major alterations to layout, contours, plant species or other significant landscape features; c) pruning to control size, improve shape, flowering or fruiting and the removal of diseased, dead or dangerous material, not exceeding 20% of the crown of the tree within a period of two years; d) tree surgery by a qualified horticulturalist or tree surgeon necessary for the health of those plants. Minor Works : Note: Any Minor Works that in the opinion of the Executive Director will not adversely affect the heritage significance of the place may be exempt from the permit requirements of the Heritage Act. A person proposing to undertake minor works may submit a proposal to the Executive Director. If the Executive Director is satisfied that the proposed works will not adversely affect the heritage values of the site, the applicant may be exempted from the requirement to obtain a heritage permit. If an applicant is uncertain whether a heritage permit is required, it is recommended that the permits co-ordinator be contacted.

    Other exemptions: As noted in the Permit Policy all works to non-registered buidings on the site, excluding exterior additions or replacement, are permit exempt; as is the erection of temporary structures, such as marquees, moveable barriers and signage associated with racing events, which do not adversely impact on the heritage place.

    Permit Exemption Policy

    FLEMINGTON RACECOURSE - Permit Exemption Policy

    The purpose of the Permit Policy is to assist when considering or making decisions regarding works to the place. It is recommended that any proposed works be discussed with an officer of Heritage Victoria prior to a permit application. Discussing any proposed works will assist in answering any questions the owner may have and aid any decisions regarding works to the place. It is recommended that the Conservation Management Plan by Lovell Chen, now in draft form, be completed to assist with the future management of the cultural heritage significance of the place, particularly with regard to the staging of events at the course.

    The significance of the place lies in its importance as one of Australia's great racecourses, which has undergone continual development and change since its inception in 1840. The extent of registration protects the whole site. The buildings, features and objects of heritage value are listed in the Extent of Registration, and any works to these is subject to permit applications. All works to non-registered buildings, including demolition and internal modification but excluding exterior additions or replacement, are permit exempt. The addition of new buildings to the site may impact upon the cultural heritage significance of the place and requires a permit. The purpose of this requirement is not to prevent any further development on this site, but to enable the management of possible adverse impacts on heritage significance during that process.

    The erection of temporary structures, such as marquees, moveable barriers and signage associated with racing events, which do not adversely impact physically on the heritage place, are exempt from permit.

    The former Convalescent Jockeys' Lodge is believed to be unique in Victoria. It is an octagonal timber-clad brick building now used as a residence, and is largely intact externally and internally. Internally it retains its original room layout, with the rooms opening off a central hall, and the rooms retain original features such as fire places and surrounds, corner wardrobes, timber floors, doors and door furniture. The kitchen retains its original fuel stove, and the pantry has its original shelving.

    The former 1930s tote buildings which form the northern boundary of the betting ring have been extensively altered both externally and internally, and it is thought that no original internal features survive. However they have historical significance and also demonstrate the scale and form of the original tote buildings on the site. It is preferred that any new building in this area should respect the low scale of the existing buildings.

    The series of seven Harold Freedman murals in the Hill Stand were designed specifically for that stand, and while it is preferred that they remain in their present position, it would be possible for them to be relocated, with a permit, to another suitable location on the course.

    The chronographic clock was originally located in a specially-designed structure opposite the finishing line, but is currently hanging on the wall in the Committee Room. This could be relocated on the site with a permit. The brass bell currently located near the Racecourse Manager's Office, and the statues of Phar Lap, Makybe Diva and Bart Cummings could also be relocated within the site subject to permits.

    The distance post is thought to be the oldest element at the course, and has been moved in the past in association with changes in the position of the finishing post. It could be moved again, subject to permit, in any future realignments of the track.

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